(2013); Muhammad Moazzam and Rab Nawaz (2014). The flanks are silver, grading to a silvery-white belly with opaque horizontal rows of elongated oval spots, which are often absent in larger fish. Markets include the USA, Australia, Finland and Sweden. Ghost fishing by lost or damaged gillnets may also contribute to the unintended, yet significant loss of pelagic and benthic animals.Longtail tuna catch processing likely creates a significant ecological impact. Evidence from limited scientific research and cooperative tagging programs with recreational fishers suggest that tagged longtail tuna at liberty for more than a few weeks are capable of travelling at least 650 km from their release points. Although some vessels also produce GHG from refrigeration units, many vessels do not have onboard refrigeration and deliver fish to market on ice, in brine, or salted. Some of the advice appears to have been predicated on conservation positions based on gear type, with little relevance as to whether longtail tuna is caught by the gear or even if the fishery is focused on neritic tunas.No employment, social and gender-specific information could be found specific to the catches of longtail or neritic tuna species in general.Literature specific to labour and employment in fishing for neritic tunas is not available.In Indonesia and Thailand, longtail tuna is processed in plants that process other tuna species such as skipjack, albacore and yellowfin tuna (see Skipjack Tuna For further information on nutritional value and quality, see Ali Aberoumad and Kiumars Purshafi (2010) (Iran). However, ghost fishing from lost or damaged gillnets may be a significant source of mortality for pelagic animals, but also sessile epibenthos when the gear settles or moves across the seafloor.Given the passive nature of gillnets, they are often unselective in terms of species caught, but highly selective for particular fish sizes, which is a function of the mesh size used, usually 110-165 mm when longtail tuna is caught. Gillnets take large numbers of cetaceans in the northern Indian Ocean which is a source of conservation concern and probably having an adverse impact. The surveying of biological characteristics of long tail tuna (Thunnus tonggol) in the southern coasts of Iran, First meeting of the IOTC Working Party on Neritic Tunas, Chennai, India, 15 November, 2011. In the United Arab Emirates, about 30% of the canned market is for white meat (albacore tuna and tonggol). Although the species has been recorded to dive to 79 m, it has a strong affinity for the coastal regime and spends the majority of its time in waters less than 30 m. Longtail tuna does not appear to undertake distinct vertical migrations to surface at night, which is common in closely related species that occupy offshore waters, such as yellowfin and bigeye tunas.Little research has been directed at defining the population stock structure of longtail tuna. Due to the inshore nature of the fisheries, the bycatch species will be different to those in offshore longtail tuna fisheries.Longtail tuna taken in larger mesh purse seines (10 cm) has generally a small range of bycatch species and few juvenile fish. Between 1960 and 2014, reported landings have ballooned from 0 to 155,000 tonnes. Most fisheries that capture longtail tuna are multispecies fisheries that target co-occurring species of small neritic tunas including kawakawa (The set net fisheries in Taiwan and Japan, which account for a large percentage of the longtail tuna catch from these countries, are also multi species fisheries for highly diverse suites of commercially important pelagic fish such neritic tunas (Gillnet vessels that account for the majority of the global longtail tuna catch use fossil fuel to power both inboard and outboard engines, which produce greenhouse gases (GHG). Longtail tuna stock assessments have and are being conducted in certain nation states, and efforts are underway, notably by SEAFDEC (Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Centre), to coordinate future research and management efforts for part of the range. In the Persian Gulf study the average was 0.4 parts per million.Many vessels that do not have onboard refrigeration deliver their fish to market on ice, in brine, or salted. In contrast, the ecological footprint of fishing longtail tuna is likely significant due to the use of large drifting gillnets that indiscriminately catch multiple tuna as well as species of conservation significance, including cetaceans and sea turtles. Maximum recorded body weight of the Longtail Tuna fish is 35.9 kg. In the Indian Ocean, longtail tuna assessment and research is overseen by the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission. For environmental issues, see Saifullah Jaaman and colleagues (2009) (Sarawak and Sabah, Malaysia), and Mitsuo Yesaki (1987) for whale shark historical associations.For longtail tuna stock structure as a basis for assessment, see For fisheries management information, see NV Nghia and P Hung in SEAFDEC (2015) (Vietnam), IOTC Neritic Tuna Working Group papers, and SEAFDEC (2015).For recreational fishing information, see Shane Griffiths (2012).As longtail tuna only occurs in the Indo-West Pacific region, all production is from this region. Longtail tuna occupies a narrow coastal habitat envelope that is predicted to experience the most rapid changes due to global warming. Juvenile and young adult longtail tuna (Longtail tuna is distributed throughout subtropical and tropical waters from the Western Indian Ocean to the Western Pacific Ocean, between latitudes 47° N and 33° S. It extends from the sub-tropical east and west coasts of Australia, northward to southern Papua New Guinea and Indonesia and northwest through Malaysia and Thailand; it has a continuous distribution to the northeast to southern Japan and to the northwest through India, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan, to the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea. 1999.
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